9^th Global Medical Microbiology Summit & Expo November 28-29, 2016 San Francisco, California, USA

Ulrich Sagel, MD, has completed his specialty in Medical Microbiology in 1999. From School of Public Health of University of Bielefeld, he has obtained his MSc in Epidemiology in 2005 and his DrPH in 2014. In 2005 he moved from Germany to Austria. Now he is the deputy of the head of the Department of Hygiene and Microbiology of Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences. \r\nAlexander Kraemer, MD, specialist of internal medicine, is the co-founder of the first School of Public Health in Germany at the University of Bielefeld and chairs its Department of Public Health Medicine since 1994\r\n

Serological screening for maternal Toxoplasma infections in pregnancy has been questioned recently. We analyze some diagnostic difficulties for routine laboratories, poor public health guidance of existing screening programmes, and their mutual worsening impact on the efficacy of the programmes and on toxoplasmosis research. False positive screening tests may be more likely than true maternal Toxoplasma infections and diagnosis often depends on confirmatory testing in experienced reference laboratories. Apart from clear seroconversions, any marker to assign the time point of infection to the ongoing pregnancy (IgM, avidity, etc.) suffers from important limitations. With poor screening compliance, many screening alerts come from first serum samples in pregnancy that are cumbersome to test while seroconversions are seldom observed due to missing follow-up samples in late pregnancy. From a public health perspective, inadequate epidemiological assessment and research, insufficient quality control for compliance, and little consideration of diagnostic peculiarities for the design of more effective preventive programs has resulted in poor performance. These shortcomings have contributed to the present doubts about preventive Toxoplasma screening in pregnancy. We recommend that a team of public health decision makers, epidemiologists, and experts from toxoplasmosis reference laboratories reevaluates the existing activities in a given country to build up a well-designed preventive program that avoids these drawbacks.

Continuous discharge of waste from industrial, agricultural and anthropogenic sources causes pollution of water by toxic heavy metals and with pathogenic microorganisms. As the heavy metal pollution of river was not only threat to human being but it also exert antibiotic resistance to bacterial species and pose serious threat to health of human and animal. Present study deals with the heavy metal driven co-selection of antibiotic resistance in the bacterial species in the water sample collected from river Hasdeo in Korba. Hasdeo river was found to be polluted with bacterial species such as Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp, E.coli, Staphylococcus aureus,., which were also recorded to have multiple heavy metal (Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and As) resistance and multiple antibiotics resistance towards tigecycline, terramycin, lactoclave, Amoxycillin, Penicillin, Ecoflox, Ofloxacin and Tetracyclin (with MAR index 0.3). Present data reveals that detection of antibiotic substances in water resources has considerably increased in the recent past also the development of multiple antibiotic resistant microorganisms in the environment represent a challenge to maintaining public health in the future. The most significant aspects of studying the antibiotic sensitivity in water sample were to identify the source of microbial pollution in the water resources. \r\n\r\nKey word: Multiple heavy metal resistance, multiple antibiotic resistances, co-selection.\r\n